• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    Sample holders for conducting fire tests in multilayer samples, configured to be used in any equipment for the analysis of combustión processes whose heat flow reaches the sample holder in a single direction, comprising: - a body (11, 21) whose material has a melting point for a temperature above 1000º c, where said body (11, 21) has a cube or rectangular prism shape, and comprises six faces: at least three faces without opening and at least two faces with opening, where three faces without opening have an arrangement such that one of the faces is perpendicular to the other two faces and its interior comprises insulating and conformable material, these last two faces being parallel to each other, and where the heat flow from the equipment for the analysis of combustión processes, penetrates the body (11, 21) by one of its faces with an opening, and leaves the body on the opposite side that also has an opening, in such a way that said faces with opening are parallel to each other, parallel with the layers that make up the sample, and are attached to the face without opening whose interior comprises insulating and compliant material; y - a rear fixing system (15, 25) of the sample whose material has a melting point for a temperature above 1000º c. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2551030A1
    申请号:ES201500024
    申请日:2014-12-26
    公开日:2015-11-13
    发明作者:Daniel Alvear Portilla；David LÁZARO URRUTIA；Pedro Gervasio LÁZARO URRUTIA；Eduardo PUENTE GONZÁLEZ
    申请人:Universidad de Cantabria；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    PORTAMUESTRAS and METHOD FOR THE REALIZATION OF ENSA VOS DE FUEGO DE ELEMENTOS MULTICAPA FIELD OF THE INVENTION
    The present invention pertains to the field of fire safety, and in particular to the devices and methods for conducting fire tests of multilayer elements. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    Thermal decomposition is a chemical process that undergoes a material due to an increase in temperature, which can lead to the generation of toxic gases, a fundamental parameter in Fire Safety Engineering. These gases generated in the presence of a oxidizer and a heat source result in combustion.
    There are currently several teams for the analysis of combustion processes. One of them is the calorimetric cone [lnternational Standard. Reaction to jire tests. Reat release, smoke production and mass loss rate. Part 1: Reat release rate (cone calorimeter method). 1S0 5660-1. (2002)), [Babrauskas, V., Development of the cone calorimeter-A bench-scale heat release rate apparatus based on oxygen consumption, National Bureau of Standard s Center for Fire Research, NBSIR 822611, November 1982], [CF. Schemel, A. Simeoni, H. Biteau, JD. Rivera, JI. Torero, A calorimetric study of wildland fuels, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Volume 32, l ~ sue 7, Fifth Mediterranean combustion symposium, July 2008, Pages 1381-1389, ISSN 0894-1777, DO !: 10. 1016 / j. expthermflusci. 2007. 11 011], [Brown, JE., Braun, E., Twilley, WH., Cone Calorimeter Evaluation of the Flammability of Composite Materials. u.s. Department of Commerce, NBSIR 883733. March 1988], [Kashiwagi, r, The U. ~ e of Calorimetry for Fire Materials
    Research Proceedings on Fire Calorimetry, July 27.28, 1995, Gaithersburg, MD], which has multiple applications, and can also perform the analysis of gaseous products, the darkness of the fumes, the rate of heat transfer [Babrauskas, V, Grayson, S. J, Heat Release in Fires. E & FN SPON. 1995] and solid particles transported. The normal orientation of the sample is in a horizontal position, located parallel to the burner, however, although it is less frequent it can also be positioned vertically.
    Babrauskas [Babrauskas, V, The cone calorimeter, Chapter 4, Heat Release in Fires. E & FN SPON 1995] describes different types and requirements of sample holders to be used in the calorimetric cone using ISO 5660 [International Standard. Reaction to jire tests. Heat releas · e, smoke production and mass loss rate Part 1: Heat release rate (cone calorimeter method). L'lO 5660-1. (2002)] And of ASTM E 1354 [Standard Test Method by Heat and Visible Smoke Relea ~ · e Ratesfor Materials and Products ~ · ing an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter (E1354). American Society for Testing and Materials]. These texts describe in detail the design of a general sample holder for horizontal and vertical position tests, and some specific adaptation of it, for example for use in the testing of intumescent materials by using a wire rack, or for materials fines with an air gap in the back [W H. Twilley, V Babrauskas, User 's guide for the cone calorimeter, NBS, Special Publication 745, August 1988]. Also the adaptation of these is observed in the scientific literature sample holder to avoid the overflow of melting samples
    [B. SchartelJ and T. R. HuI !, Development ofjire-retarded materials-1nterpretation ofcone calorimeter data, Fire Mater. 2007; 31: 327-354] or for the study of cables in different arrangements [P.J Elliot, R.H. Wh ite ley, A cone calorimeter test for the measurement offlammability properties of insulated wire, Polymer Degradation and Stability, Volume 64, lssue 3, June 1999, Pages 577-584].
    Given the wide range of possibilities of materials to be tested that present particular behaviors for the study of their reaction to fire, it is done
    complicated the study of all types of materials with a general sample holder as defined in the regulations. This has led several authors to design different types of sample holders adapted to their specific needs, however, there are still many types of materials that cannot be tested or that present great challenges with existing media.
    As previously mentioned, there are general holders that allow testing of thin and vertical samples, in addition to considering contact with the air on the unexposed face, however, there is no sample holder that allows testing materials or products composed of several layers ( multilayers), and with air chambers of a certain thickness between the different layers.
    In the same way, when it comes to measuring the temperature in the tests, thermocouples are generally used, however the sample holders are not designed to facilitate their installation and these thermocouples do not allow to know the temperature distribution in the face. exposed, in order to study the homogeneity of thermal transfer or heat transfer through the profile of the sample. Likewise, the installation of thermocouple cables in the system affects the measure of mass loss and introduces disturbances.
    The importance of having an adequate sample holder to be used in each test lies in the impact it causes on the results, so that a good design of the sample holder is key to the study of the reaction of a material to fire.
    DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    The present invention seeks to solve the aforementioned drawbacks by means of a sample holder and a method for conducting fire tests that allows: to test samples composed of several layers (multilayers), preferably with air chambers of a certain thickness between the different layers; measure the temperature between the layers by using at least one thermocouple; and / or measure the temperature on the sides of the layers and in the layer furthest from the heat flux inlet by at least one thermal imager.
    Specifically, in a first aspect of the present invention, a sample holder is provided for conducting fire tests on multilayer samples, configured to be used in any equipment for the analysis of combustion processes whose heat flow reaches the sample holder in a single address, which includes:
    - a body whose material has a melting point for a temperature greater than 1000 oC, where said body has a cube or rectangular prism shape, and comprises six faces: at least three faces without opening and at least two faces with opening, where three faces without opening have an arrangement such that one of the faces is perpendicular to the other two faces and its interior comprises insulating and moldable material, these last two faces being parallel to each other, and where the heat flow from the equipment for the analysis of the combustion processes, penetrates the body through one of its faces with opening, and leaves the body through the opposite face that also has an opening, so that said faces with opening are parallel to each other, parallel with the layers that make up the sample, and are attached to the face without opening whose interior comprises insulating and moldable material; Y
    - a rear fixing system of the sample whose material has a melting point for a temperature greater than 1000 oc.
    In a possible embodiment, the opening face for the heat flow inlet comprises a frame configured to prevent the heat flow from propagating on the side of the sample, and the opening face for the heat flow outlet comprises the minus two flanges. Preferably, at said flanges are welded at least two screws threaded into their corresponding nuts and forming the rear fixing system.
    In a possible embodiment, the sample holder further comprises at least one intermediate fixation system, the material of which has a melting point for a temperature greater than 1000 oC, configured to separate the layers of the sample forming air chambers between said layers and to adjust the samples to the body of the sample holder, where said intermediate fixing system comprises two adjustment pieces located on the two parallel faces without opening of the body, such that each of the pieces is located on a different face, said parts being facing, and where each adjustment piece is a flat plate comprising at least one groove in two of its ends, such that said grooves allow their fixing to the corresponding face by means of a fixing system, the longitudinal axis of said adjustment parts being perpendicular to the direction of heat flow from the equipment for the analysis of combustion processes. Alternatively, said intermediate fixing system comprises two facing frames, which are joined at their ends by eight thymes and four nuts, such that at each end there are two threaded thymes to a different frame and a nut located in the middle of both thymes, and where the arrangement of this fixing system in the sample holder is such that the surface enclosed by the frames is parallel to those of entry and exit of the heat flow, and such that each of the four rods that make up each frame are in contact with the remaining faces of the sample holder.
    In a possible embodiment, the remaining face has no opening and its interior comprises insulating and moldable material. Alternatively, the remaining face has an opening and is adapted to comprise a removable cover whose interior comprises insulating and moldable material.
    In a possible embodiment, said removable cover is attached to the parallel faces without opening by means of two rails located on the sides or ends of said faces, each lane being located on a different face, such that said sides or ends are opposite to the sides or ends to which the face without opening is attached whose interior comprises insulating and moldable material.
    In a possible embodiment, said removable cover completely covers the side of the layers comprising the sample, as well as the possible existing air chambers, ensuring complete sealing. Alternatively, said removable cover completely covers the possible existing air chambers, exposing the side of the layers comprising the sample.
    In a possible embodiment, the sample holder further comprises a fastening system configured to anchor to the combustion process analysis equipment, and a handle configured to facilitate placement and removal of the sample holder in the selected equipment.
    In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for conducting fire tests of multilayer samples, using the sample holder defined above. The method comprises the steps of:
    - place the thermocouples at those points on the surfaces of the layers that make up the sample, whose temperature you want to monitor;
    - Enter the sample to be tested inside the body of the sample holder, so that the order of placement of the different layers that make up the sample begins with the layer closest to the heat flow inlet and ends with the layer more remote
    - immobilize and adjust by means of the rear fixing system the layers that make up the sample to the body, placing them perpendicular to the heat flow;
    - proceed to the calibration of the equipment for the analysis of combustion processes;
    - perform the temperature measurement as a function of time at those points monitored by the thermocouples.
    In another possible embodiment, there is at least one air chamber between the layers that make up the sample, and the method further comprises the steps of:
    - Once the sample to be tested is introduced inside the body, establish each air chamber with the desired width by means of the intermediate fixing system, such that each intermediate fixing system establishes a single air chamber;
    - immobilize and adjust the layers that make up the sample to the body, through the intermediate fixation system.
    In a possible embodiment, the temperature measurement is also performed as a function of time by at least one thermal graphic camera, and the method further comprises the steps of:
    - paint graphite each face of the sample holder on which the temperature measurements are to be made using the thermo graphic camera;
    - locate at least one thermal imager to monitor the temperature distribution on the focusing surface;
    - proceed to calibrate each thermal imager;
    - Perform temperature measurement as a function of time on those surfaces monitored by each thermal imager.
    In a possible embodiment, after immobilizing and adjusting the layers that make up the sample to the body, the method further comprises the step of locating the removable cover for carrying out the test.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    In order to help a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, in accordance with a preferred example of practical realization thereof, and to complement this description, a set of drawings is attached as an integral part thereof, whose character is Illustrative and not limiting. In these drawings:
    Figure 1 shows a sample holder scheme according to a pnmera embodiment of the invention.
    Figure 2 shows a sample holder scheme according to a second embodiment of the invention.
    Figure 3 shows a schematic of the intermediate fixing system according to an embodiment of the invention.
    Figure 4 shows a graph that represents the temperature value in the different layers, as a function of time.
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    In this text, the term "comprises" and its variants should not be understood in an exclusive sense, that is, these terms are not intended to exclude other technical characteristics, additives, components or steps.
    In addition, the terms "approximately", "substantially", "around", "ones", etc. they should be understood as indicating values close to which these terms accompany, since due to calculation or measurement errors, it is impossible to achieve those values with total accuracy.
    In addition, a sample is understood as the part or portion extracted from a set that allows it to be considered representative of it. In this text, the samples mentioned consist of more than one layer (multilayer samples) and arranged in parallel. The material (or materials) of the samples is any that is desired to be tested.
    The characteristics of the sample holder and the method of the invention, as well as the advantages derived therefrom, can be better understood with the following description, made with reference to the drawings listed above.
    The following preferred embodiments are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention. In addition, the present invention covers all possible combinations of particular and preferred embodiments indicated herein. For those skilled in the art, other objects, advantages and features of the invention will be derived partly from the description and partly from the practice of the invention.
    The sample holder and the method of the invention for performing fire tests are described below, which allows: to test samples composed of several layers (multilayers), preferably with air chambers of a certain thickness between the different layers; measure the temperature between the layers by using at least one thermocouple; and / or measure the temperature on the sides of the layers and in the layer furthest from the heat flux inlet by at least one thermo graphic camera.
    The sample holder of the invention comprises the following elements: a body 11, 21 and a rear fixing system 15, 25 of the sample. Furthermore, in the preferred embodiment of air chambers between the different layers, the sample holder of the invention further comprises at least one intermediate fixing system 12, 22, 32.
    The materials from which the body 11, 21 and the fixing systems 15,25, 12,22,32 may be formed, are those that have a melting point value that allows the sample holder to be exposed to temperatures exceeding 1000 oC, such as steel. Preferably, the elements of the sample holder are metal sheets with a thickness greater than 1 mm. One skilled in the art will understand that a lower thickness may present problems of deformation of the sample holder, mainly due to two causes: the high temperatures and the effort made when adjusting the sample in the sample holder.
    In addition, the sample holder of the invention is valid for use in any equipment for the analysis of combustion processes, as long as the heat flow of said equipment for the analysis of combustion processes comes from a single direction. For example, a possible device in which to use the sample holder is the calorimeter cone.
    Therefore, the sample holder of the invention allows its use with the sample in a substantially vertical direction (when the heat flow of the equipment for the analysis of combustion processes penetrates in a substantially horizontal direction through the sample holder) or with the sample substantially horizontal (when the heat flux of the combustion process analysis penetrates upwards
    or descending by the sample holder).
    The body 11, 21 of the invention has a cube or rectangular prism shape, and comprises six preferably flat faces: at least three faces without opening and at least two faces with opening.
    The three faces without opening have an arrangement such that one of the faces is perpendicular to the other two faces, these last two faces being parallel to each other. In one possible embodiment, these three faces without opening are a single piece. In another possible embodiment, each of said two parallel faces is joined by a system of plating, such as thyme, to the perpendicular face, such that one side (or end) of one of the parallel faces is attached to one end (or side) of the perpendicular face, while one side (or end) of the second parallel face is attached to the opposite end (or side) of the perpendicular face.
    The heat flow from the equipment for the analysis of combustion processes penetrates the body 11, 21 through one of its faces with opening, and leaves the body through the opposite face that also has an opening. Therefore, the faces with opening for the entrance and exit of the heat flow must be parallel, this being the case of those that are attached to the perpendicular face without opening described above. Therefore, during the performance of the test, the layers of the sample to be analyzed are placed parallel to the faces with opening for the entry and exit of the heat flow.
    The opening face for the heat flow inlet (exposed face) comprises a frame 18, 28 whose objective is to prevent the heat flow from propagating on the side of the sample. The opening face for the heat flow outlet (unexposed face) preferably comprises at least two flanges 19 whose objective is to serve as an anchor to the rear fixing system 15.25.
    This rear fixing system 15, 25 allows to immobilize all the layers that make up the sample, so that the test is carried out without any disturbance. In a possible embodiment, the rear fixing system 15, 25 are at least two screws screwed into their corresponding nuts, which are welded to the flanges of the unexposed face at its junction with the two sides without parallel openings. In this way, during the test, the screws adjust to the size of the sample, allowing it to be fixed inside the sample holder.
    In addition, in the preferred embodiment of air chambers, the sample holder comprises at least one intermediate fixing system 12, 22, 32 configured to: establish an air gap inside the layers that form the sample, so that said intermediate fixing system 12, 22, 32 stops for the different layers to be tested; and fit the samples to the parallel faces and without opening of the body 11, 21, described above.
    Therefore, there are as many intermediate fixation systems 12, 22, 32 as air chambers to be tested. That is, if the sample to be tested comprises three layers, and there is an air chamber between each layer, two intermediate fixing systems are necessary. One skilled in the art will understand that sometimes it may be interesting to test the sample without air chambers, for which in this case only the 15.25 rear fixing system is necessary.
    In a possible embodiment, each intermediate fixing system comprises two adjustment pieces 12, 22 located on the two parallel faces without opening of the body 11, 21 described above, such that each of the pieces is located on a different face, being said pieces facing each other. As can be seen in figures 1 and 2, each adjustment piece 12, 22 is a flat plate comprising at least one groove in two of its ends, such that said grooves allow its fixing to the corresponding face, by means of a system 10,20 fixing, such as thyme. The longitudinal axis of said adjustment parts is perpendicular to the direction of heat flow from the equipment for the analysis of combustion processes.
    Thus, during the test, each pair of adjustment parts 12, 22 allows the air chamber to be established with the desired thickness, such that the thickness of the air chamber coincides with the length of the side of the adjustment parts 12, 22 in the direction of heat flow. Therefore, one skilled in the art will understand that, during the test, the sides perpendicular to the direction of heat flow of each pair of adjustment pieces 12, 22, are in contact with the layers of the sample, such that one side of each piece is in contact with a first layer, and the remaining side of each piece is in contact with a second layer.
    That is, the adjustment pieces 12,22 function as stops and can be designed with different shapes and dimensions as long as they allow an air chamber of the desired width.
    In another possible embodiment, and as seen in Figure 3, each intermediate fastening system 32 comprises two facing frames 33, 34, which are joined at their ends by means of eight thymes 35 and four nuts 36, such that at each end there are two threads 35 threaded to a different frame and a nut 36 located in the middle of both threads 35.
    The arrangement of this fixing system 32 in the sample holder is such that the surface enclosed by the frames 33, 34 is parallel to the exposed and unexposed faces of the sample holder, and such that each of the four rods 37 that make up each frame 33 , 34 are in contact with the remaining faces of the sample holder. Therefore, the size of the frames 33, 34 is the same and conforms to the faces of the sample holder
    In this way, during the test it is possible to adjust the separation of the frames 33, 34, and therefore the thickness of the air chamber, by threading and unscrewing the screws 35 and nuts 36. Therefore, one skilled in the art will understand that, during the test, each frame 33, 34 is in contact, on the outside, with the layers of the sample, such that one of the frames 33 is in contact with a first layer, and the remaining frame 34 is in contact with a second layer.
    In any case, one skilled in the art will understand that any other intermediate fixation system alternative that allows to hold the samples and maintain the desired gap for the air chamber, can be used.
    In addition to the three open faces and the two open faces described above, the sample holder of the invention comprises a sixth face, which is parallel to the perpendicular face without opening described above, and therefore perpendicular to the parallel faces without opening also described. In a possible embodiment this sixth face has no opening, thus preventing heat loss from the side of the sample holder, and its interior comprises insulating and moldable material. However, preferably, said face has an opening and is adapted to comprise a removable cover whose interior comprises insulating and moldable material.
    Preferably, this removable cover is attached to the parallel faces without opening thanks to two rails located on the sides or ends of said faces, each lane being placed on a different face, such that said sides or ends are opposite to the sides
    or ends to which the perpendicular face without opening described above is attached. In another possible embodiment, the removable cover is attached to the parallel faces by means of connecting nuts, such as thymes.
    In a possible embodiment, the removable cover completely covers the side of the layers comprising the sample, as well as the possible existing air chambers, ensuring complete sealing. This removable lid configuration is useful for reducing heat losses on the side of the at least two layers that make up the sample.
    In another possible embodiment, the removable cover completely covers the possible existing air chambers, but exposes the side of the at least two layers comprising the sample. This removable cover configuration is useful when it is desired to take measurements of the thermal transfer through the thickness of the samples, using a thermal graphic camera, which is outside the scope of the present invention.
    As mentioned above, the inside of the perpendicular face without opening and the removable cover 13, 24 or the sixth face without opening, comprises insulating and moldable material 16, 27 (to ensure contact with the sample), as per example rock wool, mineral wool, or glass wool. The reason for using insoluble insulating material, is that in this way it is possible, during the test, that thermocouple cables from the unexposed face to the surfaces of interest of the different layers that confront the sample exist in the sample holder of the invention. , crossing the spaces between the sides of the sample and the faces or covers that comprise the insulator, and affecting as little as possible the tightness of the body 11,
    21. That is, said insulator adjusts its shape to the tennopar cable on the sides of the layers with which it is in contact, avoiding the creation of gaps that penetrate the free passage and heat leakage.
    Therefore, one skilled in the art will understand that, thanks to the sample holder of the invention, it is possible to measure the temperature:
    - on the surface of the layer that is visible from the unexposed face, and on the sides of the layers that make up the sample, thanks to the tennographic camera;
    - in the different layers that make up the sample, thanks to the tennopares.
    In addition, preferably, the sample holder of the invention comprises on one of its faces without opening, a fastening system for anchoring to the equipment for the analysis of combustion processes. In a possible embodiment, the fastening system has a U-shape. In addition, in a possible embodiment, the sample holder of the invention comprises a handle configured to facilitate the placement and removal of the sample holder in the selected equipment.
    The advantages provided by the sample holder of the invention, with respect to that existing in the state of the art, is the possibility of testing multilayer samples, preferably with air chambers inside, in addition to allowing the use of other measuring devices, such as for example, the use of tennopars between the different layers that form the sample, without affecting the boundary conditions of the test.
    In addition, the sample holder of the invention also allows the use of at least one tennographic camera for recording temperatures on the sides of the layers that
    make up the sample and, simultaneously or alternately, on the surface of the layer seen
    from the unexposed face.
    The method for conducting multilayer sample fire tests, which is implemented in the sample holder of the invention, is described below:
    - Preferably, and in the case of making temperature measurements by means of at least one thermo graphic camera, graphite paint each face of the sample holder on which said measurements are to be made. One skilled in the art will understand that graphite painting the faces of the sample holder seen from the thermographic camera (s) transforms the glossy finish of said faces into a matte black finish, thus avoiding distortions in the measurements, produced by reflections in the camera.
    - Place the thermocouples at those points on the surfaces of the layers that make up the sample, whose temperature you want to monitor.
    - Insert the sample to be tested inside the body 11, 21, so that the order of placement of the different layers that make up the sample begins with the layer closest to the exposed face and ends with the layer closest to The unexposed face.
    - In the preferred embodiment of air chambers between the different layers that make up the sample, establish each air chamber with the desired width by means of the intermediate fixing system, such that each intermediate fixing system establishes a single air chamber.
    - Immobilize and adjust thanks to the rear fixing system 15.25 and, in the case of air chambers, thanks to the intermediate fixing system 12, 22 the layers that make up the sample to the parallel faces and without opening of the body 11, 21, described above, placing them parallel to the exposed and unexposed faces.
    - In the preferred embodiment of the sixth layer of the body 11, 21 having an opening, place the removable cover 13, 24 for the test. As previously mentioned, the removable cover 13 that completely covers the side of the layers comprising the sample, allows to reduce heat losses on said side, while the remaining removable cover 24 allows measurements of the thermal transfer through the Sample thickness
    - Position each thermal imager to monitor the temperature distribution on the focusing surface.
    In a possible embodiment, in the event that during the test the removable cover 24 is used, which completely covers the possible existing air chambers, exposing the side of the layers comprising the sample, two thermal graphic chambers are placed, such that one of them focuses on the sides of the layers, and the remaining camera focuses on the surface of the layer seen from the unexposed face. In another possible embodiment, in the event that during the test the removable cover 13 that completely covers the side of the layers comprising the sample is used, a single thermal graphic camera is placed focusing on the surface of the layer seen from the face not exposed.
    One skilled in the art will understand that the more measurement systems used, the better the temperature monitoring will be over time, the use of thermocouples and cameras simultaneously being feasible.
    - Proceed with the calibration of each thermo graphic camera. In any case, the sample measurement systems, as well as their calibration, are outside the present invention.
    - Proceed with the calibration of the equipment for the analysis of combustion processes. In any case, these devices, as well as their calibration, are outside the present invention.
    - Perform the temperature measurement as a function of time at those points or surfaces monitored by the thermocouples or by the thermal imager, respectively.
    A concrete example of embodiment of the invention and the results obtained are shown below.
    It is intended to study the thermal behavior of two plates (layers) of laminated plaster, 13 mm thick and with a section of 10 cm2 each, located in parallel with an air chamber between them of 46 mm, using a cone test calorimetric These laminated plasterboard are formed by a plaster-based core coated on both sides by layers of cardboard. The appropriate thing (for this specific case) is to measure the temperatures simultaneously inside the sample by using thermocouples, and on the unexposed face (rear face) with a thermal graphic camera.
    The sample holder comprises a body, a rear fixing system, an intermediate fixing system, and a removable cover that completely covers the side of the two plasterboard comprising the sample. All these elements are made of sheet metal, with a thickness of 2.5 mm.
    The body is shaped like a cube and comprises six flat faces: three faces without opening and three faces with opening. All the sides of the faces have a length of 110 mm, so that the use of samples with a square section of 110 x 110 mm2 is allowed. In addition, and therefore, the sample holder has a depth of 110 mm.
    The three faces without opening are: the upper and lower faces of the cube; and a lateral face, perpendicular to said upper and lower faces, comprised in a plane parallel to the direction of heat and whose interior comprises insulating and moldable material. The opening faces are, therefore, the remaining faces: the heat flow inlet faces (exposed face); the heat flux outlet face (unexposed face); and the side opposite the side face without opening (face to incorporate the removable cover). These three faces without opening are a single piece.
    As mentioned, the equipment for the analysis of the combustion processes where the sample holder is located is a calorimeter cone, so that the heat flux penetrates horizontally through the exposed face and exits through the unexposed face, placing the two plasterboard vertically and parallel to the exposed and unexposed faces.
    The exposed face comprises a frame whose objective is to prevent the heat flow from propagating on the side of the sample. The unexposed face comprises two flanges whose objective is to serve as an anchor to the rear fixing system.
    This rear fastening system is two screws threaded into their corresponding nuts, which are welded to the flanges that the unexposed face presents at its junction with the upper and lower faces. In this way, during the test, the screws adjust to the size of the sample, allowing it to be fixed inside the sample holder.
    On the other hand, the intermediate fixing system comprises two adjustment pieces located on the upper and lower faces of the body, such that each of the pieces is located on a different face, said parts being facing each other. Each adjustment piece is a flat and rectangular plate comprising a groove in two of its ends, such that said grooves allow its fixation to the corresponding face (upper and lower), by means of screws. The longitudinal axis of said adjustment parts is perpendicular to the direction of heat flow from the calorimeter cone.
    The sides of greater dimension of the piece of adjustment (those that are perpendicular to the direction of the heat flow) measure 110 mm, and the sides of smaller dimension (those that fix the size of the air chamber between the two plates of plaster) measure 46 mm.
    The face with opening configured to incorporate the removable cover is attached to the upper, lower, exposed and unexposed faces. As previously mentioned, this removable cover completely covers the side of the two laminated plasterboard that comprise the sample.
    The removable cover joins the upper and lower faces thanks to two rails located on the sides or ends of said upper and lower faces, each lane being placed on a different face, and such that said sides or ends are the opposite of the sides or ends to which the side face without opening described above is attached.
    In addition, the removable cover comprises on its inside (to ensure contact with the sample) a layer of rock wool, which is insulating and moldable.
    In addition, the sample holder comprises a U-shaped clamping system on its lower face configured to anchor itself to the calorimeter cone, and a handle on its unexposed face configured to facilitate placement and removal of the sample holder in the calorimeter cone.
    The method for conducting fire tests of multilayer elements, which is implemented in the sample holder of this specific embodiment, is described below:
    In the first place, the faces of the sample holder are painted graphite where they are to be measured with the thermal graphic camera, thus avoiding distortions in the measurements made.
    Next, the thermocouples are placed in the two layers of plaster to be tested. In this case the arrangement by the plasterboard of a layer of cardboard on each side, it is necessary to introduce the tennopares cables through the plasterboard interface. The tennopares are located as centered as possible and in the section of the plasterboard parallel to the exposed and unexposed faces of the body.
    Next, the plasterboard closest to the exposed face is introduced, and secondly the plasterboard closest to the unexposed face, and an air chamber between the two fixing parts is established two 46 mm plates.
    Then, thanks to the rear fixing system and the fixing system, the two plasterboard are immobilized and adjusted to the upper and lower faces of the sample holder, standing parallel to each other, and in turn parallel to the exposed faces and not exposed. In addition, the rear fixing system presses the unexposed plate against the intentional fixing system.
    Next, the removable cover is placed on the corresponding side. In this case (two plasterboard), the temperature analysis on the rear face has a special interest, so the choice of this removable cover pennite isolate the face of the sample holder where the removable cover is located, thus avoiding the loss of heat on this side.
    Next, the tennographic camera is placed, focusing on the rear face of the sample holder and its calibration is carried out. For this, the camera is placed on a tripod at a distance of 2.4 meters, and the emissivity of the sample is measured. Once this emissivity is measured, the values of ambient temperature, emissivity, distance from the lens to the sample, reflected temperature and humidity are entered into the chamber.
    The next step is to proceed to the calibration of the calorimetric cone. To do this, once the sample and the measuring elements have been prepared, the sample holder is removed from the calorimetric cone to proceed with its calibration for commissioning. For this, the burner is placed horizontally. Having the shutter of the burner open, the desired heat flow is established, placing a heat flow meter at the outlet of the cone. This meter allows to regulate said flow to obtain the desired flow on the exposed side of the sample. Once the desired value has been reached, the shutter is shut down and the sample holder is repositioned in the cone, then open the shutter and start the test.
    Finally, the temperature measurement is performed as a function of time at those points or surfaces monitored by the thermocouples or by the thermal imager, respectively.
    During the test, the ignition time of the cardboard of the exposed face and the cardboard of the monitored interior is recorded, through the display of the smoke outlet. The temperature values in the different layers are shown in Figure 4.
    权利要求:
    Claims (15)
    [1]
    1. Sample holder for conducting fire tests on multilayer samples, configured to be used in any equipment for the analysis of combustion processes whose heat flow reaches the sample holder in a single direction, characterized in that it comprises:
    - a body (11, 21) whose material has a melting point for a temperature greater than 1000 oC, where said body (11, 21) has a cube or rectangular prism shape, and comprises six faces: at least three faces without opening and at least two faces with opening, where three faces without opening have an arrangement such that one of the faces is perpendicular to the other two faces and its interior comprises insulating and moldable material, these last two faces being parallel to each other, and where the heat flow from the equipment for the analysis of combustion processes, penetrates the body (11, 21) through one of its faces with opening, and leaves the body through the opposite side that also has an opening, so that said opening faces are parallel to each other, parallel to the layers that make up the sample, and are attached to the face without opening whose interior comprises insulating and moldable material; Y
    - a rear fixing system (15, 25) of the sample whose material has a melting point for a temperature greater than 1000 oC.
    [2]
    2. The sample holder of claim 1, wherein the opening face for the heat flow inlet comprises a frame (18, 28) configured to prevent the heat flow from propagating on the side of the sample, and where the opening face for the output of the heat flow it comprises at least two flanges (19).
    [3]
    3. The sample holder of claim 2, where at said flanges (19) are welded at least two screws threaded into their corresponding nuts and forming the rear fixing system (15, 25).
    [4]
    Four. The sample holder of any of the preceding claims, further comprising at least one intermediate fixation system (12,22,32), whose material has a melting point for a temperature greater than 1000 ° C, configured to separate the layers of the sample forming air chambers between said layers and to adjust the samples to the body (11, 21) of the sample holder, where said intermediate fixing system (12, 22, 32) comprises two adjustment pieces (12, 22) located on both sides parallel without opening of the body (11, 21), such that each of the pieces is located on a different face, said pieces being facing each other, and where each adjustment piece (12, 22) is a flat plate comprising at least a groove in two of its ends, such that said grooves allow their fixing to the corresponding face by means of a fixing system (10, 20), the longitudinal axis of said adjustment parts (12, 22) being perpendicular to the direction of the heat flow from the equipment for the analysis of combustion processes.
    [5]
    5. The sample holder of any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising at least one intermediate fixation system (12, 22, 32), whose material has a melting point for a temperature greater than 1000 ° C, configured to separate the layers of the sample forming air chambers between said layers and to adjust the samples to the body (11, 21) of the sample holder, where said intermediate fixing system (12, 22, 32) comprises two facing frames (33, 34), which are they are joined at its ends by eight thymes (35) and four nuts (36), such that at each end there are two screws (35) threaded to a different frame and a nut (36) located in the middle of both screws (35), and where the arrangement of this fixing system (32) in the sample holder is such that the surface enclosed by the frames (33, 34) is parallel to those of entry and exit of the heat flow, and such that each of the four rods (37) that make up each frame (33, 34) are they find in contact with the remaining faces of the sample holder.
    [6]
    6. The sample holder of any of the preceding claims, wherein the remaining face has no opening and its interior comprises insulating and moldable material (16).
    [7]
    7. The sample holder of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the remaining face has an opening and is adapted to comprise a removable cover whose interior comprises insulating and moldable material (27).
    [8]
    8. The sample holder of claim 7, wherein said removable cover is attached to the parallel faces without opening by means of two rails located on the sides or ends of said faces, each rail being placed on a different face, such that said sides or ends are the opposite of the sides or ends to which the face without opening is attached whose interior comprises insulating and moldable material
    [9]
    9. The sample holder of claims 7 to 8, wherein said removable cover completely covers the side of the layers comprising the sample, as well as the possible existing air chambers, ensuring complete sealing.
    [10]
    10. The sample holder of claims 7 to 8, wherein said removable cover completely covers the possible existing air chambers, exposing the side of the layers comprising the sample.
    [11]
    eleven. The sample holder of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a fastening system configured to be anchored to the combustion process analysis equipment, and a handle configured to facilitate placement and removal of the sample holder in the selected equipment.
    [12]
    12. Method for conducting fire tests of multilayer samples, using the sample holder according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises the steps of:
    - place the thermocouples at those points on the surfaces of the layers that make up the sample, whose temperature you want to monitor;
    - Insert the sample to be tested inside the body (11, 21) of the sample holder, so that the order of placement of the different layers that make up the sample begins with the layer closest to the heat flow inlet and ends with the farthest layer;
    - immobilize and adjust by means of the rear fixing system (15, 25) the layers that make up the sample to the body (11, 21), placing them perpendicular to the heat flow;
    - proceed to the calibration of the equipment for the analysis of combustion processes;
    - perform the temperature measurement as a function of time at those points monitored by the thermocouples.
    [13]
    13. The method of claim 12, wherein there is at least one air chamber between the layers that make up the sample, and further comprises the steps of:
    - Once the sample to be tested is introduced inside the body (11, 21), establish each air chamber with the desired width by means of the intermediate fixing system (12, 22), such that each intermediate fixing system (12, 22) establishes a single air chamber;
    - immobilize and adjust the layers that make up the sample to the body (11, 21), using the intermediate fixation system (12,22).
    [14]
    14. The method of claims 12 to 13, wherein the temperature measurement is also performed as a function of time by at least one thermal imager, and comprises the steps of:
    - paint graphite each face of the sample holder on which the temperature measurements are to be made using the thermo graphic camera;
    - locate at least one thermal graphic camera to monitor the temperature distribution on the focusing surface;
    - proceed to calibrate each thermal imager;
    5-make the temperature measurement as a function of time on those surfaces monitored by each thermal imager.
    [15]
    15. The method of claims 12 to 14, wherein after immobilization and adjustment
    10 the layers that make up the sample to the body (11, 21), further comprise the step of placing the removable cover (13,24) for the performance of the test.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    ES2551030B2|2016-04-06|
    引用文献:
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